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# Pressure Vessel Engineering

Pressure Vessel Engineering

## Posts

- [Piping - Manitoba](https://www.pveng.com/piping-manitoba/) - Piping requirements for Manitoba
- [Piping - Saskatchewan](https://www.pveng.com/piping-saskatchewan/) - Piping requirements for Saskatchewan
- [Linear Multi-Body Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/linear-multi-body-analysis-post/) - Connections such as flanges, tri-clamps and any other multi-body assemblies are analyzed using FEA. This example shows a Tri-Clamp connection under internal pressure and describes how FEA is used to provide insight into the interaction between components.
- [Piping - British Columbia](https://www.pveng.com/piping-british-columbia/) - Piping Requirements for British Columbia
- [Piping- Ontario](https://www.pveng.com/piping-ontario/) - Piping requirements for Ontario
- [Piping - Alberta](https://www.pveng.com/piping-alberta/) - Piping requirements for Alberta
- [Quebec Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/quebec/) - A summary of Quebec's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Fitting CRN Numbers](https://www.pveng.com/fitting-crn-numbers/) - Fittings must be registered in individual categories. This can increase registration costs and paperwork for companies with products that span more than one category.
- [Fitting Classification](https://www.pveng.com/fitting-classification/) - Fittings are broken down into categories for registration. A manufacturer must apply separately with different statutory declarations for each category that their registered product line covers.
- [Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.pveng.com/frequently-asked-questions/) - Frequently asked questions on the registration of vessels and fittings.
- [Saskatchewan Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/saskatchewan/) - A summary of Saskatchewan's jurisdictional requirements.
- [SolidWorks and Ansys Compared to ASME PTB-3](https://www.pveng.com/solidworks-and-ansys-compared-to-asme-ptb-3/) - ASME problem sample manuals PTB-3 and PTB-4 are well kept secrets. PTB-3 contains worked VIII-2 examples with numerical results. Here we compare our own results in both ABAQUS and SolidWorks against published PTB-3 results.
- [Celebrating 25+ Years!](https://www.pveng.com/celebrating-20-years/) - For an engineering firm to succeed over decades requires excellent customer service, expertise and an attention to detail. We have helped companies navigate the CRN system, registering thousands of vessels, boilers, heat exchangers, fittings, piping systems and other components that don’t fall neatly into any CRN categories. PVEng gets you through the process efficiently and effectively.
- [Joint Efficiency](https://www.pveng.com/joint-efficiency/) - A visual primer on ASME VIII-1 joint efficiency. Shows RT-1, RT-2, RT-3 and two options of RT-4.
- [Inspection Openings - Quick Guide](https://www.pveng.com/inspection-openings-quick-guide/) - Requirements for inspection openings are based on UG-46 with some additional code passages, code cases, interpretations and a brief PTB-4 mention - all in one place.
- [Making Repads Using Offset Surfaces](https://www.pveng.com/making-repads-using-offset-surfaces/) - Nozzles with repads on compound curved surfaces are the most complex to model. Here is a straightforward method.
- [Things That Cannot Go Wrong!](https://www.pveng.com/things-that-cannot-go-wrong/) - Setting up SolidWorks models so that the BOM will always match the model!
- [The Joy of Weldments](https://www.pveng.com/the-joy-of-weldments/) - Weldments are a very useful way to simplify and speed up SolidWorks Modelling.
- [Making Size on Size Branch Connections with Repads](https://www.pveng.com/making-size-on-size-branch-connections-with-repads/) - One of several methods to make meshable solid models of branch connections.
- [Making Repads Using the Flex Command](https://www.pveng.com/making-repads-using-the-flex-command/) - Another way of making gapless nozzles with repads.
- [Piping - Prince Edward Island](https://www.pveng.com/piping-prince-edward-island/) - Piping requirements for Prince Edward Island
- [Piping - Nova Scotia](https://www.pveng.com/piping-nova-scotia/) - Piping requirements for Nova Scotia
- [Piping- New Brunswick](https://www.pveng.com/piping-new-brunswick/) - Piping requirements for New Brunswick
- [Hydraulic Systems - Canada Wide](https://www.pveng.com/hydraulic-systems-canada-wide/) - Hydraulic systems include high pressure piping which rarely requires registration. Individual provinces with specific requirements or exemptions are discussed.
- [Registering B16.9 Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/registering-b16-9-fittings/) - The user of a B16.9 fitting calculates its pressure rating as an equivalent piece of straight pipe. The manufacturer of the fitting has to provide proof that the fitting is the same strength as that straight pipe. ASME Standard B16.9 does not specify wall thicknesses leaving it up to the manufacturer to design.
- [Using Registered Fittings in Vessels and Piping](https://www.pveng.com/using-fittings-vessels-piping/) - Under the B51 program fittings need to be registered before they can be used on pressure devices. However, fittings on pressure vessels are exempted from requiring registration by B51. In contrast fittings on piping systems must be registered.
- [Updated CRN Requirements for Flange Welds](https://www.pveng.com/update-crn-flange-welds/) - ASME changed the amount of weld required on standard B16.5 slip-on flanges with the 2009 VIII-1 code update. Slip-on and socket-weld flanges need larger welds on the outside.
- [Moving or Changing Your Company Name?](https://www.pveng.com/moving-changing-company-name/) - PVE-4045, Last Updated: Mar 22 2018, By: LRB Q – VESSELS - If your company changes their name or address, do you need to update the registration? A – No, but the jurisdictions need to be notified. A letter of explanation outlining the name change and listing all of the affected CRN numbers has to be
- [Registering Steam Heated Molds](https://www.pveng.com/registering-steam-heated-molds/) - Steam heated platens and steam heated cavity molds need CRNs in Ontario. Tire molds with steam cavities are registered in Quebec.
- [Design Code used in Alterations](https://www.pveng.com/design-code-used-alterations/) - When registering a vessel alteration, you must use the correct section, edition and addenda of the ASME Code.
- [Registration of Cold Stretched Vessels](https://www.pveng.com/registration-of-cold-stretched-vessels/) - Cold stretching has been in use for more than 30 years, but not under ASME code rules until 2008.
- [Hand Calculations](https://www.pveng.com/hand-calculations/) - In this era of computer design hand calculations still play a role in pressure vessel design. Ideas on how to do better hand calculations are discussed. Good and bad computer reports are also discussed.
- [3 Pen Self Check](https://www.pveng.com/3-pen-self-check/) - An irony of this computer era is that a code calculation and a drawing can be prepared by the same person on the same computer, but all the information on the drawing needs to be hand entered...
- [Pipe Stress Engineer](https://www.pveng.com/pipe_stress_analyst/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering is looking for an experienced pipe stress analyst. We need someone who works well with those around them, communicates clearly, can help teach others and likes to learn as well.
- [Category B Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-b/) - Flanges
- [Category D Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-d/) - Expansion Joints, Flexible Connections and Hose Assemblies.
- [Category-C Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-c/) - Valves
- [Ontario Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/ontario/) - A summary of Ontario's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Category A Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-a/) - Pipe fittings including couplings, tees, elbows, wyes, plugs, unions, nipples, pipe caps, and reducers
- [Refrigeration – Canada Wide](https://www.pveng.com/refrigeration-canada-wide/) - Each province has its own refrigeration requirements. The differences between provinces are large. Be especially careful interpreting exemptions.
- [Does My Section IV Boiler Need Registration?](https://www.pveng.com/does-my-section-iv-boiler-need-registration/) - These are the exemptions for boilers and water heaters based on the information we were able to find in the provincial regulations as of May 2020.
- [Piping - Quebec](https://www.pveng.com/piping-quebec/) - Piping requirements for Quebec
- [Mechanical Engineer/ Technologist](https://www.pveng.com/mechanical-engineer-technologist/) - If you are an engineer, technologist or technician and meet the criteria below we encourage you to submit your cover letter, resume and transcripts to H.R.. We thank all applicants however only those considered will be contacted.
- [Category H Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-h/) - Miscellaneous pressure retaining components which do not fall under the previous categories
- [Smit](https://www.pveng.com/smit/) - Smit Patel Engineering Technologist sdp@pveng.com 519-880-9808 Ext. 266
- [Registration of Plastic Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/registration-plastic-fittings/) - Plastic pipe that needs to be registered can be calculated to code rules found in B31.1 or B31.3. But a plastic pipe needs plastic fittings – how can they be registered?
- [Code Cases and Interpretations in Alberta](https://www.pveng.com/code-cases-interpretations-alberta/) - Alberta does not automatically accept either ASME code cases or Interpretations. Interpretations and code cases are not part of the code, and are not automatically adopted for use in Alberta.
- [Will I Need to Renew My CRN?](https://www.pveng.com/will-need-renew-crn/) - CRNs for fittings expire after 10 years. If the registration is not renewed, no new pressure vessel or piping designs can be registered that use it.
- [Piping Registration Background](https://www.pveng.com/piping-registration-background/) - Background information and definitions on Canadian piping registration.
- [Manitoba Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/manitoba/) - A summary of Manitoba's jurisdictional requirements.
- [British Columbia Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/british-columbia/) - A summary of British Columbia's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Category F Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-f/) - Measuring devices, including pressure gauges, level gauges, sight glasses, levels and pressure transmitters
- [Piping QC Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/piping-qc-requirements/) - Piping QC Requirements
- [Nicole](https://www.pveng.com/nicole/) - Nicole Kilgore Office Administrator nak@pveng.com 519-880-9808 Ext. 221
- [Kashan](https://www.pveng.com/kashan/) - Kashan Ul Hasan, B.Sc., P.Eng. Mechanical Engineer kuh@pveng.com 519-880-9808 Ext. 229
- [Seamus](https://www.pveng.com/seamus/) - Seamus Ball, P.Eng. Mechanical Engineer srb@pveng.com 519-880-9808 Ext. 262
- [Parm](https://www.pveng.com/parm/) - Parminder Brar Office Administrator pkb@pveng.com 519-880-9808 Ext. 237
- [Ryan](https://www.pveng.com/ryan/) - Ryan Benko Engineering Technologist rab@pveng.com 519-880-9808 Ext. 263
- [Use of Type (3) welds in ASME Pressure Vessel Design](https://www.pveng.com/use-of-type-3-welds-in-asme-pressure-vessel-design/) - Table UW-12 provides 8 types of welds with appropriate efficiencies to use when differing levels of radiography is applied. Confusion exists when trying to determine if a single welded circ weld in a small vessel is type 1 or type 3. Our answer...
- [ASME Advertisement - Bottom of Page](https://www.pveng.com/asme-advertisement-bottom-of-page/) - ASME Code Design at PVEng We work to many ASME standards to design and validate pressure vessels, boiler, fittings and piping systems. We have experience designing thousands of vessels and fittings to multiple codes. Pressure vessel design to ASME VIII-1 and VIII-2 Hot water heaters and boilers to ASME I and IV Piping to B31.1,
- [Reference Advertisement - Bottom of Page](https://www.pveng.com/reference-advertisement/) - Pressure Vessel Engineers has twenty years of successful experience in the pressure vessel field working for thousands of customers. Ten Professional Engineers on staff licensed to stamp and sign off on designs for use in all Canadian jurisdictions. Fast and professional assistance from our team. Serving industries such as water filtration, oil & gas, pharmaceutical, biogas, food & beverage and more!
- [Pressure Drop in a Straight Pipe](https://www.pveng.com/pressure-drop-in-a-straight-pipe/) - SolidWorks Flow Simulation results are compared with theory, with emphasis on the required computer resources.
- [SolidWorks Static Verification Problem Set](https://www.pveng.com/solidworks-static-verification-problem-set-post/) - SolidWorks Simulation ships with a series of validation sets. The "SOLIDWORKS Simulation Static Verification Problems" compare the results obtained by SolidWorks Simulation to theoretical textbook values or prior FEA studies.
- [FEA Submission Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/fea-submission-requirements-post/) - Finite Element Analysis (FEA) can usually be used to support pressure equipment design submissions where the configuration is not covered by the available rules in the ASME code. Requirements vary by province.
- [Why Use 2nd Order Integration Elements?](https://www.pveng.com/why-use-2nd-order-integration-elements-post/) - Use of 2nd order integration elements is more than a requirement, it also produces the best results.
- [Validation Example - Flat Plate Heat Transfer](https://www.pveng.com/validation-example-flat-plate-heat-transfer/) - Our validation run of SolidWorks Flow Simulation sample #10 - "Flow Over a Heated Plate". How much computer resources are required to obtain a good result?
- [Product Design by Comparative Pressure Drop](https://www.pveng.com/product-design-by-comparative-pressure-drop/) - While it is difficult to calculate ultimate pressure drops in CFD, relative pressure drops between two related designs can be calculated leading to useful design insights allowing the best design to be chosen.
- [Stress Classification Lines (SCL) – Passing Through Areas of Very High Error](https://www.pveng.com/stress-classification-lines-scl-passing-through-areas-of-very-high-error-post/) - Stresses at sharp corners rise towards infinity as the mesh size is reduced. However the forces have to balance in a Finite Element model regardless of the mesh size used. In these studies SCL (Stress Classification Line) results are compared a different mesh sizes .
- [ABSA – Impact Test Information on the Drawing](https://www.pveng.com/absa-impact-test-information-drawing/) - ABSA requires impact test information to be put on fabrication drawings whenever impact testing is a requirement of the design.
- [Nozzle F Factor](https://www.pveng.com/using-nozzle-f-factor/) - The stresses around a nozzle located in a cylindrical shell are not the same in all directions. If a non-round nozzle is oriented in the correct direction, ASME allows us to take advantage of this.
- [Nozzle Rules](https://www.pveng.com/nozzle-rules-origins/) - The area replacement rules in the ASME code books determine how to handle nozzle calculations.
- [Stainless Stress Values](https://www.pveng.com/stainless-steel-stress-values/) - The IID book provides many rows of stress properties for one grade of stainless steel pipe. Line items welded, seamless, low, high and regular carbon and high and low stress. How to choose the correct row?
- [Simplification of FEA by Symmetry](https://www.pveng.com/simplification-of-fea-by-symmetry-post/) - FEA model sizes and run times are reduced by finding symmetry.
- [Category E Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-e/) - Strainers, filters, separators, and steam traps
- [Thermal Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/thermal-analysis-sample-post/) - FEA can calculate temperature profiles in single and multi-part models. From this, displacements and stresses are obtained. Here FEA is used to determine heat time and required power for an injection mold.
- [We Don’t (Usually) Register Actuators](https://www.pveng.com/dont-usually-register-actuators/) - The actuator on a valve is not part of the piping system for the fluid that the valve is regulating. It is part of the instrumentation piping system. Each province has its own piping rules, but most do not require registration of small diameter air piping systems and the actuators that are attached.
- [The Nuts and Bolts of Stress Linearization](https://www.pveng.com/the-nuts-and-bolts-of-stress-linearization-post/) - Linearization separates FEA stresses into membrane and bending. Examples are provided along with sample data and a spreadsheet based stress linearization tool.
- [Reversed Dished Head](https://www.pveng.com/reversed-dished-head-post/) - This reverse dished head could not be fabricated thick enough to meet the ASME VIII-1 rules. The chosen solution was to reinforce the head with ribs to prevent snap through. Various alternate methods of analysis are shown.
- [Mesh Refinements Near Discontinuities](https://www.pveng.com/mesh-refinements-near-discontinuities-post/) - This report examines the accuracy of stress results near an area of discontinuity as the mesh is refined.
- [Mesh Refinement at Discontinuities](https://www.pveng.com/mesh-refinement-at-discontinuities-post/) - Error plots show how well the complexity of a mesh matches the complexity of the model. Once a match is made the reported error is low.
- [Finite Element Analysis Reaction Forces](https://www.pveng.com/finite-element-analysis-reaction-forces-post/) - Reaction forces are the resulting loads seen at the restraints of a model being analyzed. They can be used to ensure an analysis is restrained from rigid body motion, and is static or in balance.
- [Origins of the ASME Fatigue Life Curves Post](https://www.pveng.com/origins-of-the-asme-fatigue-life-curves-post/) - How do ASME permissible fatigue curves compare to actual fatigue life results? Can they be used to predict the expected life of equipment?
- [Yukon Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/yukon/) - A summary of Yukon's jurisdictional requirements.
- [CRN Advertisement - Bottom of Page](https://www.pveng.com/crn-advertisement/) - CRN Registration at PVEng We have helped more than a thousand customers to secure CRN registrations across all jurisdictions. We are experts in the specialized field of pressure equipment design and registration. Integrated design, review and registration services Extensive knowledge of registration requirements, including what needs registering and what is exempt province by province We
- [COVID-19](https://www.pveng.com/covid-19/) - To all PVEng Customers, Vendors, and affiliates, As the health environment changes we change also. We have returned to the office in a hybrid work model with protocols in place to protect our staff and visitors. Working with us is still easy, just send emails or call us on our phones. Our contact information is
- [Newfoundland and Labrador Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/newfoundland-and-labrador-2/) - A summary of Newfoundland and Labrador's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Fittings with CRNs FAQ](https://www.pveng.com/category-faq/) - Frequently asked questions about finding registered fittings.
- [Category G Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/category-g/) - Safety valves, relief valves, safety relief valves and rupture discs
- [FEA Advertisement - Bottom of Page](https://www.pveng.com/fea-advertisement-bottom-of-page/) - Finite Element Analysis at PVEng We use FEA to design and validate fittings and vessels that can not be designed by rule-based codes like VIII-1 or B31.3. We are experts in the specialized field of pressure equipment design by FEA to validated ASME VIII-2 methods. SolidWorks Simulation and Abacus software Pressure and thermal stress analysis
- [Pipe Stress Advertisement - Bottom of Page](https://www.pveng.com/pipe-stress-advertisement-bottom-of-page/) - Pipe Stress Analysis at PVEng We offer pipe stress analysis services. Caesar II thermal, flexibility and dynamic pipe stress analysis Seismic analysis for British Columbia CRN registration Water hammer, flow induced vibration & integrity review Fitness For Service using API 579 Layout design, hanger, guide, anchor and expansion joint location and specification P.E. / P. Eng.
- [Do I Have A Vessel or a Category H Fitting?](https://www.pveng.com/do-i-have-a-vessel-or-a-category-h-fitting/) - Category H fittings often look like miniature vessels. Determining if you have a vessel or fitting only applies to items that look like large or small pressure vessels.
- [Frequency / Vibration Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/frequency-vibration-analysis-post/) - These stacked exchangers are analyzed using FEA and building code rules. FEA is used to determine the vibration frequency, which is put into building code rules to determine the base shear.
- [Simulating Heat Exchanger Tubes with Springs Post](https://www.pveng.com/simulating-heat-exchanger-tubes-with-springs-post/) - Heat exchangers are often very large models. In order to simplify them for FEA we usually remove all of the tubes and replace them with simulated springs. This significantly reduces the complexity of the mesh.
- [Reduce Your Mesh Time](https://www.pveng.com/reduce-your-mesh-time-post/) - Splitting a complex component into multiple smaller components can reduce the mesh time.
- [Solution for Long Mesh Time of Shells](https://www.pveng.com/solution-for-long-mesh-time-of-shells-post/) - When meshing shells using SolidWorks Simulation, the mesh gets up to 99% and then hangs for a very long time, sometimes for hours depending on the mesh size...
- [Mesh Tolerance Settings](https://www.pveng.com/mesh-tolerance-settings-post/) - Setting the standard mesh tolerance incorrectly can make some external features disappear. Meshing can fail on internal features.
- [Solid Model Mesh Challenges](https://www.pveng.com/solid-model-mesh-challenges-post/) - Sometimes a multibody model refuses to mesh with the standard mesher. Regardless of the element size and tolerances used, some parts refuse to bond.
- [Easier Surfaces](https://www.pveng.com/easier-surfaces-post/) - Surfaces can be challenging to create, but solids are easy to convert into surfaces. Surfaces originally created as solids do not have the problem of nodes not joining at edges
- [Surface Model Mesh Challenges](https://www.pveng.com/surface-model-mesh-challenges-post/) - Surface models can be challenging to mesh. Parts that touch might not share nodes, preventing the correct transfer of loads. The resulting calculated stresses and displacements can be wrong.
- [Error Plots – Bolt Heads and Surface to Surface Contacts](https://www.pveng.com/error-plots-bolt-heads-and-surface-to-surface-contacts-post/) - Two common areas of high error in a FEA report are under bolt heads and at surface to surface contacts. This article explains in more depth why this happens.
- [Large Displacement Solutions](https://www.pveng.com/large-displacement-solutions-post/) - This solar reflector uses a vacuum to pull the front and back surfaces together to focus the reflective surface. The deflected surface shape can be calculated using FEA, but the correct shape can only be computed with large deflection theory.
- [Riveted Vessels](https://www.pveng.com/riveted-vessels-post/) - This digester has been in use since 1926. Vessels built in that time period were typically constructed with riveted butt joints.
- [Pressure Analysis of a Flange](https://www.pveng.com/flange-fea-post/) - This basic sample illustrates how FEA is used to validate a flange design that cannot be calculated with standard VIII-1 Appendix 2 code rules due to the shape of its hub. Standard Appendix 2 loads are applied and assessed against the rules of ASME VIII-2 for full code compliance.
- [Spreader Bar Sample](https://www.pveng.com/spreader-bar-sample/) - We design spreader bars like this to move our customer's vessels. A common variation is to have multiple bottom lifting locations for different size vessels.
- [Vessel with a Large Opening](https://www.pveng.com/vessel-with-large-opening/) - This sample vessel is a collection of less common design features: large nozzles, swing bolt covers, cone discontinuities, use of bar stock for nozzles and sanitary ferrules in vessels.
- [Lethal Service - Quick Guide](https://www.pveng.com/lethal-service-notes/) - Requirements for lethal service are scattered through VIII-1, the code cases, interpretations and PTB-4. Here they are all in one place.
- [Unlisted Materials](https://www.pveng.com/unlisted-materials-in-designs/) - Registered fittings for Canadian use need to be made from certified materials but if they are not listed in a North American standard then adoption is required. When this is allowed and how it is applied is discussed, along with the pitfalls.
- [Dual Certified Vessels for Low Temperature Service](https://www.pveng.com/dual-certified-vessels-for-low-temperature-service/) - Many older carbon steel vessels do not meet modern code rules for low temperature service. The service history on these vessels is good resulting in an attitude that the current code rules are too restrictive. An alternative explanation is provided.
- [You Should Be Registering Generic Vessels!](https://www.pveng.com/you-should-be-registering-generic-vessels/) - A generic registration covers a range of possible vessel configurations in one CRN. Without changing the operating conditions, diameter, wall thickness and material, a huge variety of changes can be made to a vessel. These changes are covered in one drawing and calculation set.
- [Generic Vessel Sample](https://www.pveng.com/generic-vessel-sample/) - This example shows how to create a generic design and get it registered.
- [Piping Registration Numbers](https://www.pveng.com/piping-registration-numbers/) - Sample piping registration numbers.
- [Shortening a CRN Number](https://www.pveng.com/shortening-a-crn-number/) - The CRN number can become quite long after all of the provinces have signed off on it. Methods of shortening the number are discussed.
- [Vessel CRN Numbers](https://www.pveng.com/vessel-crn-numbers/) - Vessel registration numbers most commonly follow the format suggested by CSA B51-14 4.3.2.
- [Common Problems Using Burst Testing](https://www.pveng.com/common-problems-using-burst-testing/) - PVEng has registered hundreds of fittings using burst testing. Based on our own experience and reports from our customers, these are the most common burst test fitting registration problems.
- [Burst Testing Rules](https://www.pveng.com/burst-testing-rules/) - There are many ASME rules covering burst testing originating in many different code books. A successful burst test requires the use of the correct code book, and the correct method within the book.
- [Announcement - New Ownership of PVEng](https://www.pveng.com/announcement-new-ownership-of-pveng/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering is proud to announce that Laurence Brundrett (founder) has sold the company to the employees of PVEng.
- [New Brunswick's Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/new-brunswick/) - A summary of New Brunswick's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Loads on Flanges- The ASME Way](https://www.pveng.com/loads-on-flanges-the-asme-way/) - a sample flange is calculated using ASME Appendix 2 methods and by finite element analysis (FEA) to illustrate the application of the loads and show the resulting stresses.
- [Half Bolt Connectors in SolidWorks Simulation](https://www.pveng.com/half-bolt-connectors-in-solidworks-simulation-post/) - Design and analysis of flanges in SolidWorks simulation often requires the use of a half bolt connector.
- [Newfoundland and Labrador](https://www.pveng.com/newfoundland-and-labrador/) - Piping requirements for Newfoundland and Labrador
- [Piping - Yukon](https://www.pveng.com/piping-yukon/) - Piping requirements for Yukon
- [Piping - North West Territories](https://www.pveng.com/piping-north-west-territories/) - Piping requirements for the North West Territories
- [Piping - Nunavut](https://www.pveng.com/piping-nunavut/) - Piping requirements for Nunavut
- [General Burst Test Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/general-burst-test-requirements/) - The maximum allowable working pressure for vessels or vessel parts for which the strength cannot be computed with satisfactory assurance of accuracy can be established by burst testing. Burst testing may only be used for the purpose of establishing a maximum allowable working pressure of those elements or components for which code calculations cannot be applied.
- [ACI Central Registration](https://www.pveng.com/aci-central/) - A summary of ACI's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Nunavut Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/nunavut/) - A summary of Nunavut's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Northwest Territories Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/northwest-territories/) - A summary of Northwest Terroritories jurisdictional requirements.
- [Prince Edward Island Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/prince-edward-island/) - A summary of Prince Edward Island's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Nova Scotia Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/nova-scotia/) - A summary of Nova Scotia's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Alberta Registration Requirements](https://www.pveng.com/alberta/) - A summary of Alberta's jurisdictional requirements.
- [Mary](https://www.pveng.com/mary/) - Mary McClelland, B.A., MBA mjm@pveng.com 519-880-9808 Ext. 221
- [Maximum Allowable Working Pressure](https://www.pveng.com/maximum-allowable-working-pressure/) - For Alberta and Saskatchewan, the pressure used in the calculations must be equal to or greater than the MAWP to be marked on the vessel nameplate and manufacturer’s data report.

## Pages

- [Home](https://www.pveng.com/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering Ltd. Homepage - Finite Element Analysis, Code Design, Canadian Registration, Pipe Stress Analysis, Design Tools and About Us
- [Optimizing Thermal Stratification in Chilled Water Thermal Energy Storage Tanks Using CFD](https://www.pveng.com/home/cfd-thermal-analysis/optimizing-thermal-stratification-in-chilled-water-thermal-energy-storage-tanks-using-cfd/) - A Comparative Study of Inlet Diffuser Configurations Executive Summary Thermal Energy Storage (TES) systems have become an integral part of modern district cooling, industrial process cooling, and large commercial HVAC installations. By storing chilled water during periods of low demand and utilizing the stored energy during peak cooling loads or emergency conditions, TES tanks
- [How Permissible Cycle Life (or Fatigue Life) is Calculated using FEA](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/asme-viii-2-permissible-cycle-life/) - Background The life of a vessel under cyclic service is related to the intensity of the alternating stress and the number of cycles it experiences. The fatigue life curves used under ASME VIII-2 to calculate the permitted cycle life of a vessel are based on a large factor of safety compared with actual cycle life
- [Exploring Thermal Efficiency in Electrical Heaters: A CFD Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/home/cfd-thermal-analysis/exploring-thermal-efficiency-in-electrical-heaters-a-cfd-analysis/) - Quick Links 1 - Introduction 2 - Understanding the Problem Statement 3 - Methodology: A CFD Approach 4 - Importance of Key Parameters 5 - Comparing the CFD results with theory 6 - Key Findings 7 - Conclusion Introduction Thermal efficiency plays a crucial role in the performance of electrical heaters, impacting energy consumption, operational
- [CFD & Thermal](https://www.pveng.com/home/cfd-thermal-analysis/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering has been doing CFD and Thermal Analyses for a number of years when our customers have had a need for this type of service. In a few upcoming articles, we’ll explain how we use our software and demonstrate why it will be a valid solution for you that will save both time
- [Pressure Vessel Design Tools](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/) - Use these design tools to size, choose materials and determine vessel properties such as weight and volume. Useful for creating preliminary designs that meet the general rules and guidelines of ASME VIII Division 1. These can only be used for interior pressure calculations. For simplicity, not all aspects of the VIII-1 code are included -
- [About PVEng](https://www.pveng.com/home/about/) - About Us Pressure Vessel Engineering Ltd. is an employee owned Canadian engineering consulting firm located in St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada. Established in 1999, we have grown to over 30 employees. We service customers around the globe in diverse industries including oil & gas, water filtration, food & beverage, instrumentation, pharmaceutical, and many more. Our team
- [A Step By Step Introduction to FEA](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/a-step-by-step-introduction-to-fea/) - File: Sample 6, Last Updated: March 25, 2026, CBM Why FEA? Pressure vessel code rules exist for the analysis of simple objects like pipes and heads and more complex objects like flanges and nozzles. Where the code rules exist, they have to be used. However, most code rules do not calculate real stresses. The best
- [Contact Us](https://www.pveng.com/home/contact/) - Quoting & General Inquiries Engineering Administration Pressure Vessel Engineering Limited 1-1440 King Street North, PO Box 112, St. Jacobs, Ontario, Canada N0B 2N0 Email: info@pveng.com Phone: 519-880-9808 Fax: 647-694-2328 Accounting: Lara Hoskins ext 244 General Inquiries: Ray Stroud, C.Tech. ext 235
- [Audit Vessel](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/audit-vessel/) - The ASME Audit PVEng has been involved in many ASME Audits, mostly for VIII-1. This sample shows the most common audit vessel that a vessel shop builds when it has no vessels on order that it can use for an audit, or when it is first seeking ASME certification. Useful information about what is recommended
- [CRN Piping Sample](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/canadian-piping/) - File: PVE-6950, Last Updated: Apr 2018, By: LRB, JLL, CMB This B31.3 piping sample is a simple heat exchanger designed for an Ontario installation. Throughout this article, differences in provincial registration requirements and methods are discussed. Is it a Piping System? What is piping? piping: assemblies of piping components used to convey, distribute, mix, separate,
- [SolidWorks Simulation Validation (Blog)](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/solidworks-simulation-validation/) - Validation of FEA Measured Stress in Pressurized Vessels How do you know you are getting good pressure vessel FEA stress results? Chapter 5 of the little known ASME Book "PTB-3 VIII-2 Example Problem Manual" provides sample FEA problems showing both the correct use of FEA rules, and the expected results. We use both SolidWork Simulation
- [More FEA Samples](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/more-fea-samples/) - More Samples of FEA in use - Obround nozzles, unusual flanges, reverse dished heads and thermal analysis. Of interest to anyone trying to see if FEA can be used to solve their design or service problems.
- [Careers](https://www.pveng.com/home/about/careers/) - Interested in applying for an Engineering or Technical Position? We are always looking for good people to join our team. We provide a superior work environment and provide each employee with the opportunity to develop to their full potential. Our vision is making our people and our customers successful. Skills are important but so is
- [Fitting Renewal](https://www.pveng.com/fitting-renewal/) - Fitting CRN’s expire after 10 years and require a renewal to remain valid. This renewal should be started approximately 8 months to 1 year before the expiry date to ensure all updates are complete and provide time for renewal at all provinces included in original submission. For standard fitting renewals where the designs and scope
- [FEA Stress Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/) - Code books contain equations to design simple vessel shapes like cylindrical shells. What about shapes that are not found in code books? What about standard shapes used in arrangements or sizes not covered by the rules? This is the job for Finite Element Analysis (FEA). A solid model is created. The model is split into
- [Thermal Design of an Air Cooler](https://www.pveng.com/thermal-design-of-an-air-cooler/) - In this article we are going to perform a thermal design of an air cooler using ASPEN EDR software. Quick Links 1 - Problem Definition 2 - Air Cooler Thermal Design 3 - Modifying the Design to Achieve the Required Thermal Performance 4 - Conclusion Problem Definition Let say we have a footprint of 20mx7m
- [Thermal Design of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger and Mean Metal Temperatures Calculation](https://www.pveng.com/comparing-aspen-to-solidworks-flow-simulation/) - ASPEN Exchanger Design & Rating software can be used for thermal analysis of various types of exchangers including shell and tube, air cooled, fired heater, plate, plate-fin, and coil wound. It covers single phase liquid, single phase gas as well as the two-phase fluids. This software can be used for: Calculating the size of an
- [Training](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/training/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering is often asked if we provide training for CRN registrations and other ASME related topics. Yes we do! Our CRN 101 article provides a starting point and we can provide virtual training similar to the video below. Canadian Registration Demystified We have done some customized training for companies that are looking to
- [CRN 101](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/crn-101/) - Intro CRN stands for Canadian Registration Number and is issued by one of the provincial jurisdictions for a design that is submitted along with all the required proof of design and documentation according to their regulations and CSA B51 (Boiler, pressure vessel and pressure piping code).You can buy CSA B51 straight from CSA. Pressure Vessel
- [Used Vessels](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/crn-101/used-vessels/) - Used vessels present unique challenges as we are tasked with proving that the vessel condition is still sufficient to pass the code requirements for the original pressure and temperature ratings. The first determination is whether the vessel requires Ultrasonic Testing (UT) to determine the level of corrosion. This is not typically required for stainless steel
- [Vessels](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/crn-101/vessels/) - Vessels classified as ASME pressure vessels must be designed and calculated to the ASME code. Vessel or Fitting? All ASME pressure vessels must be stamped with the appropriate ASME code mark and be registered with the National Board. CSA B51 4.10.1.2 Most provinces require a Professional Engineers (P. Eng) stamp on vessel drawings and calculations.
- [Piping](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/crn-101/piping/) - It is important to review the provincial regulations for piping as the differences can be substantial. Piping Registration Requirements. CRITICAL - All purchased fittings used in piping systems must have valid CRN’s from the manufacturer for the province of registration regardless of the design, manufacturer or code. CSA B51 8.2. This is crucial for pipe
- [Fittings](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/crn-101/fittings/) - There are multiple categories of fittings and each must be registered separately. CSA B51 4.2.7 Here is the list with the fitting categories explained. Fitting Categories Explained. Category H can also be a small pressure vessel under some circumstances or a collection of piping components provided none are greater than 6” and the total volume
- [Canadian Registration Number (CRN)](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/) - CRN Harmonization [Update 2021-01-14] Change is still coming, but there are some roadblocks that have appeared as a result of trying to get multiple jurisdictions and their governments to agree to a common path forward. People are still working to make this a reality, but it is going to take more time than originally planned.
- [Pipe Stress Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/home/pipe-stress-analysis/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering is now happy to offer pipe stress analysis to our customers. If you have questions or would like to request a quote for a pipe stress analysis please contact Valentina Ivanova at vdi@pveng.com. Services we offer Caesar II thermal, flexibility and dynamic pipe stress analysis for codes B31.3, B31.1, B31.5 and others Seismic
- [CRN Survival Guide](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/crn-users-survival-guide/) - A collection of useful articles on how to register pressurized equipment in Canada.
- [Generic Vessel Registration](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/generic-vessel-registration/) - Generic CRN registration allows vessels that vary in design but maintain the same diameter, wall thickness and a few other key variables to share one CRN number. Once registered, a range of similar vessels can be custom built without further registration. We think that more of our customers should use this powerful solution to help
- [Guide to CRN Numbers](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/a-guide-to-crn-numbers/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering provides services in all aspects of CRN registration. See our advertisement below.
- [Frequently Asked Questions](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/introduction-and-faq/) - CRN submissions can be confusing and difficult. Knowing the requirements and doing your best to meet them before submission is always your best approach. This page is a top level introduction. Other articles on our website contain more in depth information and specific guidance. Need Help? Pressure Vessel Engineering provides design and CRN registration services -
- [Piping Registration](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/piping-registration/) - The Canadian B51 standard covers the need to register Pressure Vessels, Boilers and Piping. Of the three, piping can be the most complex to register. The B51 standard provides the need to register piping systems, but does not define what a piping system is and when it needs registration. Each province has created different guidelines
- [Fittings with CRNs](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/products-with-crns/) - A short listing of CRN registered products. Contact the manufacturers for registration information. Please note, this list is for reference only. CRNs have a 10 year life span, and we do not monitor and maintain the list for only active CRNs. Please contact individual manufacturers for current status. [PVE File 4711, Last updated May 1 2018]
- [Provincial Contacts and Laws](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/provincial-contacts-and-requirements/) - Pressurized equipment needs to be registered in each province or territory prior to use. See below for contacts and provincial laws. Use ACI Central for registration in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, Yukon, Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Pressure Vessel Engineering offers registration assistance with all provinces and territories. See our
- [ASME Code Pressure Vessel Design](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/) - ASME codes are used for pressurized equipment - vessels, piping and fittings - in North America and many other countries. ASME codes cover the design, construction, maintenance and alteration of pressurized equipment. Most commonly used ASME codes are: VIII-1 for vessels, towers and exchangers I and IV for boilers and hot water heaters B31.1, B31.3
- [Buckling of Dished Heads](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/buckling-of-dished-heads/) - ASME VIII-2 contains three analysis types to assess collapse from buckling. Per ASME VIII-2 article 5.4.1.2: (a) Type 1- If a bifurcation buckling analysis is performed using an elastic stress analysis without geometric nonlinearities in the solution to determine the pre-stress in the component, a minimum design factor of ?B = 2/ ßcr shall be
- [Designing Trouble-Free Large Obround Nozzles](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/designing-trouble-free-large-obround-nozzles/) - Treater vessels separate oil, water and solids from an oil well. A firetube heats the liquid mixture lowering the viscosity allowing better gravity separation of the oil. Horizontal treater vessels locate one or more firetubes in the head. Vertical vessels locate it in the shell. Either way a large opening is cut into the vessel
- [Piping Vibrations](https://www.pveng.com/home/pipe-stress-analysis/piping-vibrations/) - A piping vibration problem is categorized by many maintenance engineers to be among the least liked issues to come across in the field. And there are good reasons why. In some cases, the vibrations are powerful enough to resonate with the fear of an impending fatigue failure. And unlike some of the other maintenance issues,
- [Tower with Wind, Seismic and Vacuum Loads](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/tower-with-combined-loads/) - Tower With Combined Loads File PVE-3602 This tower sample focuses on the combination of wind, seismic and external pressure loads. The calculations are done in Compress, and the drawing is made in SolidWorks. Download both at the bottom of the page. Tower dimensions and calculations found in the calculation set and on the drawing are
- [Privacy Policy](https://www.pveng.com/home/about/privacy-policy/) - Privacy Policy Summary Information that is gathered from visitors We use Google Analytics to improve the content of this website. You can opt out of google analytics with the browser ad-in. In common with other websites, log files are stored on the web server saving details such as the visitor's IP address, browser type, referring
- [External Pressure](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/external-pressure-methods/) - External Pressure File: PVE-3473, Last Updated: July 5,2012, By: Laurence Brundrett External pressure (vacuum) calculations start off more complex than internal pressure calculations, and once jackets or other sources of pressure are added the difficulty increases. The external pressure rating depends upon more variables and the failure mechanism is more difficult to understand. This article
- [Comparison Between Head Types: Hemi, SE, F&D and Flat](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/comparison-between-head-types-hemi-se-fd-and-flat/) - The Four Heads A cylindrical shell made of 0.500 inch thick Sa-516 70 material (rated to 20,000 psi at 100°F) is rolled to 48” OD. The inside diameter (ID) ends up at 47”. This cylinder and the seams joining it to any attached heads are fully radiographed, and there is no corrosion allowance. The ASME
- [Cone Design Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/cone-design-tool/) - Calculate the required wall thickness or the maximum allowed working pressure of an ASME VIII-1 conical section. Also calculates the volume and weight. Internal pressure only! (Aug 2013 update – revised code references) Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Cone Layout Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/cone-layout-tool/) - Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Nozzle with Repad Design Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/nozzle-repad-design-tool/) - Run area replacement calculations on ASME VIII-1 nozzles WITH repads. Internal pressure only! Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Nozzle Design Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/nozzle-design-tool/) - Run area replacement calculations on ASME VIII-1 nozzles WITHOUT repads. Internal pressure only! Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Hemispherical Head Design Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/hemispherical-head-design-tool/) - Calculate the required wall thickness or the maximum allowed working pressure of an ASME VIII-1 hemispherical head. Also calculates the volume and weight. Internal pressure only! Your browser does not support iframes.
- [F&D Head Design Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/fd-head-design-tool/) - Calculate the required wall thickness or the maximum allowed working pressure of an ASME VIII-1 Flanged and Dished Head. Suggested dimensions are provided to calculate a standard ratio head. Also calculates the volume and weight. Internal pressure only! Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Elliptical Head Design Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/elliptical_head_design_tool/) - Calculate the required wall thickness or the maximum allowed working pressure of an ASME VIII-1 2:1 ratio elliptical head. Also calculated the volume and weight. Internal pressure only! Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Pipe Shell Design Tool](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/pipe-shell-design-tool/) - Calculate the required wall thickness or the maximum allowed working pressure of an ASME VIII-1 pipe or straight rolled shell. Also calculates the volume and weight. Internal Pressure Only! Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Pipe Stress Analysis Sample Report](https://www.pveng.com/home/pipe-stress-analysis/pipe-stress-analysis-sample-report/) - This is a typical pipe stress analysis report here used for a small piping system. Download Report This is the same model used for the article "Design Optimization with Pipe Stress Analysis" where changing a design to reduce pipe stresses is discussed. Highlights: Read the report for more details. Download Report [File 12755, May 2018 - AH
- [Design Optimization with Pipe Stress Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/home/pipe-stress-analysis/design-optimization-with-pipe-stress-analysis/) - This pump suction line cycles between 42C cold and 165C when a pump is running. The temperature changes will cause thermal expansion that are expected to create stresses in the pipe and loads on the pump inlet flanges. The pump manufacturer has rated the inlet flanges to API 610 limits. The piping system must be
- [Pipe Chart](https://www.pveng.com/home/reference-information/pipe-chart/) - Click on a cell in this chart to calculate the imperial and metric dimensions of a pipe with and without undertolerance. The undertolerance is removed from the ID of the pipe. Your browser does not support iframes.
- [Types of Stresses in Piping Systems](https://www.pveng.com/home/pipe-stress-analysis/types-of-stresses-in-piping-systems/) - Primary, Secondary and Occasional Loads From a piping stress analysis point of view the following are the main loads to be considered for the design: Primary load occurs from Sustained loads like dead weight, live weight, internal pressure etc. and are called non-self-limiting loads. Pressure thrust from an expansion joint is used in this article.
- [Screenshots of Pipe Stress Analysis In Action](https://www.pveng.com/home/pipe-stress-analysis/screenshots-of-pipe-stress-analysis-in-action/) - Screen shots of Pipe Stress Analysis in action.
- [Finite Element Analysis in Action](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/finite-element-analysis-in-action-post/) - What is Finite Element Analysis (FEA)? When can it be used? Many of our customers are only vaguely aware of how useful this emerging tool can be in solving their design problems. If you have never heard of it before, you are not alone. This short pictorial shows FEA in use on what at first
- [Water Softener Vessel](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/water-softener-vessel-sample/) - File: PVE-6161, Last Updated: Sept. 7, 2012, By: TSB/LRB This vessel is typical of many we have designed for water service for human consumption or industrial use. The design for this type of softener often starts from a customer sketch which indicates the operating conditions, classes of materials to use and required nozzles. The specifications
- [Horizontal Retention Vessel](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/horizontal-retention-vessel-sample/) - Horizontal Retention Vessel File: Samples/Sample 3, Last Updated: Sept 13 2016, Laurence Brundrett This sample is based on a real vessel. The operating conditions and dimensions have been altered. Contact Tank: This 8ft diameter contact tank (or retention vessel) keeps water and chlorine in contact for a guaranteed minimum safe amount of time at the
- [Accessibility](https://www.pveng.com/accessibility/) - PVENG is committed to providing a website that is accessible to everyone. We are actively working to increase the accessibility and usability of our website by following many of the available standards and guidelines. Our website is working towards following the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 Level AA guidelines.
- [Piping System With Spring Hanger Stress Analysis](https://www.pveng.com/home/pipe-stress-analysis/spring-hanger-stress-analysis/) - Introduction PVEng was contracted to perform a pipe stress analysis on a new piping system layout which was to replace an existing system. For the new piping layout, the customer wanted to use the existing Spring Hanger location and install a new Spring Hanger for the new operating loads. A model of the piping system
- [Waste Heat Recovery Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger For Gas Turbine](https://www.pveng.com/home/cfd-thermal-analysis/waste-heat-recovery-anti-icing-system-for-gas-turbine/) - Introduction Gas turbines are used in many applications including power generating stations, cogeneration plants, and in the oil and gas industry to provide power in remote offshore and onshore production facilities locations. A wide range of air temperature and humidity variations occur in most locations on the globe. Even locations that typically have a warm
- [Burst Testing](https://www.pveng.com/home/canadian-registration-number-crn/burst-testing/) - Pressure Vessel Engineering regularly provides burst testing services to prove products for CRN registration. See our advertisement at the bottom of the page.
- [ASME Methods Blog](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/asme-methods-blog/) - ASME VIII-1 Guides Solid Modeling Other Codes
- [Heat Exchanger](https://www.pveng.com/home/asme-code-design/heat-exchanger-sample/) - File: PVE-4293, Last Updated: Sept. 20/2012, By:JLL/TSB H&C Heat Transfer Solutions We would like to thank H&C Heat Transfer Solutions for helping with this heat exchanger design. PVEng does not provide heat transfer calculations for heat exchanger designs. We have been working with Kam Hau, P. Eng. at H&C for several years and are very
- [Sample - Seismic Analysis of a Propane Storage Sphere](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/propane-storage-sphere-sample/) - File:PVE-4092, Date: Aug 10 2010, By: LB Pressure Vessel Engineering was hired to prepare calculations for both pressure containment and supports for wind and seismic loads on a series of large propane storage spheres for Conrex. The vessel wall thickness and nozzle supports were calculated using standard ASME code calculations. The vessels supports were constructed
- [FEA Methods (Blog)](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/fea-methods-blog/) - A large collection of articles covering how to apply FEA to the design of pressurized equipment. Of interest to the FEA professional.
- [The Nuts and Bolts of Stress Linearization](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/the-nuts-and-bolts-of-stress-linearization/) - File: 1844, Last Updated: March 2012, LB Why classify stresses? The ASME pressure vessel code is based on the observed safety of vessels. It is a real world working standard - its roots were born of failed vessels and dead operators in an era long before concepts like stress concentrations were even known. At its
- [Heat Exchanger FEA with Thermal Loads Sample](https://www.pveng.com/home/fea-stress-analysis/heat-exchanger-fea-with-thermal-loads-sample/) - File: PVE-3520, Last Updated: June 4, 2013, By: LB Why use FEA on Heat Exchangers? ASME UHX VIII-1 and 2 rules cover the design of tubesheets, tubes and the shell next to the tubesheet. The rules cover multiple failure modes and provide considerable insight into the safety of the complete exchanger allowing design optimization. But

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